What is pigment?
Human skin is made up of three main layers: the upper layer (epidermis), dermis and the deepest layer (subcutaneous tissue). Pigment cells (melanocytes) can be found in the epidermal layer of the skin and they produce pigment granules, that is melanin. Pigmentation of our skin, eyes and hair is determined by the amount of melanin. The body produces melanin in order to defend itself against UV rays coming from the sun. However, if pigment cells produce extra amount of melanin for some reason, they may form pigment spots. We differentiate between eumelanin and pheomelanin on the basis of their UV rays absorption spectra.
Hyperpigmentation occurs when the number of melanocytes increases, melanin production rises, and melanin distribution changes. Hyperpigmentation can occur in the epidermis, in the dermis or in both layers, that is mixed hyperpigmentation. Secondary hyperpigmentation can be triggered by hormonal imbalances, metabolic and nutritional disorders, physical or chemical impacts, as well as inflammation.
Formation of skin pigmentation
These brownish spots and patches are not to be confused with birthmarks. They tend to be harmless, and in most cases, they are just aesthetic problems, as they appear on clearly visible areas of our body, such as the face, and the backs of the hands.
Melasma appears mainly on the face. It may be a very noticeable condition where larger patches develop. Melasma is most common in women, regardless of skin type. Sun exposure is a major contributor to its development. This type of hyperpigmentation is supposedly triggered by changes in hormone levels (pregnancy, oral contraceptives), skincare products, genetics, and sun exposure.
These brownish spots and patches tend to fade in winter, but sunscreen is advised all-round the year. During the spring and summer season sun protection is obligatory.
Effective treatment options for hyperpigmentation
If we want to reduce or remove these dark spots for the long term, the first step is to treat the underlying cause that triggers hyperpigmentation. Hyperpigmentation may disappear spontaneously, when the underlying cause is a certain medication or hormonal influence, and they are eliminated. However, treatment is needed, when the underlying cause is related to ageing, post-inflammation (acne), or genetics.
It can be very challenging to get rid of the dark spots. Using sunscreen on a daily basis is essential, otherwise, dark spots and patches may reappear.
Our recommendations:
- anti-pigment skincare products with fading effect for lighter discolouration
- ZO® skin therapy, anti-pigment program, sun protection
- microdermabrasion, peelings, skin resurfacing not only for removing dead skin cells, but also to fade pigment spots
Excellent laser skin rejuvenation treatments to target pigment spots, sunspots, liver spots and freckles:
- ELOS treatments, IPL treatments
- BISON fractional CO2 laser treatment
- Chemical peelings, AHA-peeling, ZO® 3-step-peeling, TCA-trichloroacetic acid peeling
- Liquid nitrogen freezing
- Lentigo Treatment by Plasmage®
- Mesotherapy RRS Whitening
If you are concerned about any type of skin lesions, the first step is to identify the underlying cause. We are available to assess your needs and find you a suitable treatment.
